Current Issue : January - March Volume : 2013 Issue Number : 1 Articles : 6 Articles
The population of industrialized countries such as the United States or of countries from the European Union\r\nspends approximately more than one hour each day in vehicles. In this respect, numerous studies have so far\r\naddressed outdoor air pollution that arises from traffic. By contrast, only little is known about indoor air quality in\r\nvehicles and influences by non-vehicle sources.\r\nTherefore the present article aims to summarize recent studies that address i.e. particulate matter exposure. It can\r\nbe stated that although there is a large amount of data present for outdoor air pollution, research in the area of\r\nindoor air quality in vehicles is still limited. Especially, knowledge on non-vehicular sources is missing. In this\r\nrespect, an understanding of the effects and interactions of i.e. tobacco smoke under realistic automobile\r\nconditions should be achieved in future....
In Egypt, Hydropower sector plays a key role in Climate smart technological solutions to mitigate and adapt climate\r\nchange. Egypt intends to replace the existing Assiut barrage in Nile River with a new one incorporating a hydropower\r\nplant. The technical and economical feasibility of the rehabilitation of the existing barrage including the installation of a\r\nlow head hydropower plant of about 32 MW is proved. The electricity produc tion of about 250 GWh annually is planed.\r\nThe optimization of hydropower output will be achieved through mitigation of project-related environmental and social\r\nimpacts. The implementation of measures to predict, monitor and mitigate or avoid construction and operation impacts\r\nis planned. This Paper sets out information relating to the contribution of Hydropower plant of New Assiut Barrage\r\nProject towards Adaptation and sustainability options. The Paper assesses the socio-economic and environmental\r\nimpact of the project, the indicators applicable to the scheme / community in question, and details of the method used\r\nto diagnose and monitor social-environmental performance. Where applicable, the diagnostic for the community must\r\nbe presented separately from that carried out for the scheme. The Paper concludes that the Hydropower plant of the\r\nNew Assiut Barrage Project has very promising positive aspects in relation to climate change mitigation and adaptation\r\nand sustainable development in Egypt....
Different processes were studied to abate the COD levels in nitrobenzene. The process Electrochemical oxidation following Biosorption turned to be a novel one. Electrochemical oxidation was carried out in an electrolytic cell, with nitrobenzene in water as electrolyte and lead, copper as anode and cathode respectively. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the conditions, in which a maximum (76.4%) of COD abated. Biosorption treatment in the presence of biosorbents such as maize and rice stems was followed. Finally 97.7% COD in nitrobenzene was abated after the biosorption treatment....
This review considered groundwater resources, its characteristics, qualities, pollutions and available\r\ntreatments. Groundwater refers to all the water occupying the voids, pores and fissures within\r\ngeological formations, which originated from atmospheric precipitation either directly by rainfall\r\ninfiltration or indirectly from rivers, lakes or canals. The chemical, physical and bacterial characteristics\r\nof groundwater determine its usefulness for various purposes. The ground water analysis reviewed\r\nincludes pH, chlorine content, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen and hardness\r\nothers include alkalinity, chloride, toxic chemicals and the presence of coli form organisms. The\r\ntreatments considered are; aeration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration. Appropriate\r\ntechnology methods such as container storage, pot chlorination, boiling and solar disinfection were\r\ndiscovered to be in use. The paper concluded by recommending research into quantifying groundwater,\r\nits quality and treatment based on the above overview....
In hydrological models, soil conservation services (SCS) are one of the most widely used procedures to\r\ncalculate the curve number (CN) in rainfall run-off simulation. Recently, another new CN accounting\r\nprocedure has been mentioned, namely the plant evapotranspiration (ET) method or simply known as\r\nthe plant ET method. This method is embedded in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model\r\nwhich has been developed for watersheds covered by shallow soils or soils with low storage\r\ncharacteristics. It uses antecedent climate and plant evapotranspiration for calculation of daily curve\r\nnumber. In this study, the same method had been used to simulate the daily stream flow for Roodan\r\nwatershed located in the southern part of Iran. The watershed covers 10570 km2 and its climate is arid\r\nto semi-arid. The modeling process required data from digital elevation model (DEM), land use map, and\r\nsoil map. It also required daily meteorological data which were collected from weather stations from\r\n1988 to 2008. Other than that, the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting-2 (SUFI-2) algorithm was utilized for\r\ncalibration and uncertainty analysis of daily stream flow. Criteria of modeling performance were\r\ndetermined through the Nash-Sutcliffe and coefficient of determination for calibration and validation.\r\nFor calibration, the values were reported at 0.66 and 0.68 respectively and for validation; the values\r\nwere 0.51 and 0.55. Moreover, percentiles of absolute error between observed and simulated data in\r\ncalibration and validation period were calculated to be less than 21.78 and 6.37 (m3/s) for 95% of the\r\ndata. The results were found to be satisfactory under the climatic conditions of the study area....
The aim of the study is to perform a potential health risk assessment on children in contracting respiratory symptoms\r\ndue to inhaling traffic-generated nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in two typical high-rise naturally-ventilated residential building\r\ndesigns (slab and point block) located close to busy major expressways in a tropical climate. A total of six buildings\r\nwere selected for the study. Ogawa passive samplers (PS-100) were used for NO2 measurements in each building\r\nover a period of 5 weeks during the predominant monsoon seasons. Health risk assessment showed children residing\r\nat the mid floors of the buildings had the highest health risk regardless of their age .i.e. infants, children (1 year and\r\nunder), children (8-10 years)compared to those residents residing at the high and low floors. This was expected\r\nsince the highest concentration of traffic-generated NO2 concentration occurred at the mid floors of the buildings. In\r\na typical floor, children (1 year and under) had the highest followed by children (8-10 years) whilst new born infants\r\nhad the least potential health risk in contracting respiratory symptoms. The reason might could be new born infants\r\nobtain passive immunity from their mothers and in children (1 year and under), the passive immunity fall during this\r\nage period as they are developing their very own immunity against respiratory symptoms. Children (8-10 years) had\r\nthe their potential health risk to respiratory symptoms in between the other two age groups as these children could\r\nhave developed more immunity against respiratory symptoms compared to the children (1 year and under) but less\r\nimmunity compared to infants. Based on the mean overall HR values, children living in a slab block has about 1.27\r\ntimes more risk in contracting a respiratory symptoms due to NO2 inhalation compared to those living in a point block....
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